Flux-cored arc welding.html |
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Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) is a semi-automatic or automatic arc welding process. FCAW requires a continuously-fed consumable tubular electrode containing a flux and a constant voltage or, less commonly, a constant electric current welding power supply. An externally supplied shielding gas is sometimes used, but often the flux itself is relied upon to generate the necessary protection from the atmosphere. The process is widely used in construction because of its high welding speed and portability.
FCAW was first developed in the early 1950’s as an alternative to shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). The advantage of FCAW vs. SMAW is that the use of stick electrodes (like those used in SMAW) was unnecessary. This helped FCAW to overcome many of the restrictions associated with SMAW.
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Two Types of FCAW
The first type of FCAW is the type that requires no shielding gas. This is made possible by the flux core in the tubular consumable electrode. However, this core contains more than just flux; it also contains various ingredients that when exposed to the high temperatures of welding generate a shielding gas for protecting the arc. This type of FCAW is attractive because it is portable and generally has good penetration into the base metal. Also, windy conditions need not be considered. Some disadvantages are that this process can produce excessive, noxious smoke (making it difficult to see the weld pool), under some conditions it can produce welds with inferior mechanical properties, the slag is often difficult and time consuming to remove, and operator skill can be a major factor.
The second type of FCAW uses a shielding gas that must be supplied by an external supply. This is known informally as "dual shield" welding. This type of FCAW was developed primarily for welding structural steels. In fact, since it uses both a flux cored electrode and an external shielding gas, one might say that it is a combination of gas metal (GMAW) and flux-cored arc welding (FCAW). This particular style of FCAW is preferable for welding thicker and out-of-position metals. The slag created by the flux is also easy to remove. The main advantages of this process is that in a closed shop environment, it generally produces welds of better and more consistent mechanical properties, with fewer weld defects than either the SMAW or GMAW processes. In practice it also allows a higher production rate, since the operator does not not need to stop periodically to fetch a new electrode, as is the case in SMAW. However, like GMAW, it cannot be used in a windy environment as the loss of the shielding gas from air flow will produce visible porosity (small craters) on the surface of the weld.
FCAW key process variables
- Wire feed speed (and current)
- Arc voltage
- Electrode extension
- Travel speed
- Electrode angles
- Electrode wire type
- Shielding gas composition (if required) Note: FCAW wires that don't require a shielding gas commonly emit fumes that are extremely toxic; these require adequate ventilation or the use of a sealed mask that will provide thea welder with fresh air.
- Travel Angle.
FCAW advantages and applications
- FCAW may be an "all-position" process with the right filler metals (the consumable electrode)
- No shielding gas needed making it suitable for outdoor welding and/or windy conditions
- A high-deposition rate process (speed at which the filler metal is applied) in the 1G/1F/2F
- Some "high-speed" (e.g., automotive applications)
- Less precleaning of metal required
- Metallurgical benefits from the flux such as the weld metal being protected initially from external factors until the flux is chipped away
- Low operator skill is required
Used on the following alloys:
- Mild and low alloy steels
- Stainless steels
- Some high nickel alloys
- Some wearfacing/surfacing allo
FCAW disadvantages
Of course, all of the usual issues that occur in welding can occur in FCAW such as incomplete fusion between base metals, slag inclusion (non-metallic inclusions), and cracks in the welds, etc . . . But there are a few concerns that come up with FCAW that are worth taking special note of:
- Melted Contact Tip – happens when the electrode actually contacts the base metal, thereby fusing the two
- Irregular wire feed – typically a mechanical problem
- Porosity – the gases (specifically those from the flux-core) don’t escape the welded area before the metal hardens, leaving holes in the welded metal
- More costly filler material/wire as compared to GMAW
- Less suitable for applications that require painting, such as automotive body works
References and further reading
American Welding Society, Welding Handbook, Vol 2 (9th ed.)
"Flux Cored Welding." Welding Procedures & Techniques. 23 June 2006. American Metallurgical Consultants. 13 Sep 2006 <http://www.weldingengineer.com/1flux.htm>.
Groover, Mikell P. Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing. Second. New York City: John Wiley & Sons, INC, 2002.
"Solid Wire Versus Flux-Cored Wire - When to Use Them and Why." Miller Electric Mfg. Co. 13 Sep 2006 <http://www.millerwelds.com/education/articles/article62.html>.
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